West Nile Virus: Reporting and Surveillance
West Nile virus is a category II reportable condition in Wisconsin. Health care providers and laboratories should report to the patient's local public health department:
- Electronically, through the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System (WEDSS).
- By calling the Bureau of Communicable Diseases at 608-267-9003.
Reporting should be completed within 72 hours upon recognition of a case. For more information, please visit the DHS Disease Reporting page.
DHS Surveillance Resources
- Arboviral Infection EpiNet, P-01930 (PDF): An arboviral infection case reporting and investigation protocol for health professionals.
- Arbovirus Management Protocol, P-00894 (PDF) : Information for arboviral disease management, including surveillance, testing, reporting, and follow-up, in humans and animals.
- Vectorborne Disease Toolkit, P-01109 (PDF): Information on preparing for and responding to vectorborne disease for local governments, health departments, and citizens in Wisconsin.
Reporting a Dead Bird:
As of January 2020, the Division of Public Health no longer collects dead birds for West Nile virus testing. Due to this change, the Dead Bird Reporting Hotline (800-433-1610) has been disconnected.
Those wishing to report a dead bird should refer to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Health Program for instructions on how and when to report sick or dead wildlife. To dispose of a bird carcass, use gloves or an inverted plastic bag to place the carcass in a garbage bag. The garbage bag can then be placed in your regular trash. The bird carcass should not be handled with bare hands.
Provider Resources
West Nile Virus Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment: Information on West Nile virus symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Laboratory diagnosis of West Nile virus most often involves the detection of antibodies against West Nile virus in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Testing for the presence of elevated IgM antibodies against West Nile virus and other domestic arboviruses using an arbovirus IgM antibody panel (includes testing for West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, La Crosse encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, and Powassan viruses) can be requested through the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH). If West Nile virus infection is suspected, concurrent testing for other domestic arboviruses should be considered, since clinical features of these viruses overlap.
The WSLH arbovirus IgM antibody panel screens for evidence of infection through IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or microsphere immunoassay performed on serum or CSF. The WSLH will forward specimens with positive IgM results to CDC for confirmatory testing by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT).
The arbovirus IgM antibody panel is available at the WSLH fee-for-service. It is not required for patients' symptoms to meet the Division of Public Health (DPH) clinical criteria to submit serum of CSF specimens to the WSLH for fee-for-service arboviral screening.
DPH monitors for West Nile virus as part of our enhanced arbovirus surveillance. Testing for West Nile virus as part of a DPH investigation may be fee-exempt. Please contact a vectorborne disease epidemiologist at 608-267-9003 for fee-exempt approval.
Fee-exempt arboviral testing will be offered to clinicians whose patients meet ONE of the following criteria:
- Request for confirmatory testing of positive IgM and IgG commercial test results (performed at laboratories other than the WSLH).
- The patient has signs and symptoms of meningitis (fever, headache, and stiff neck) or encephalitis (fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging from confusion to coma), or acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) with no other laboratory diagnosis.
- The patient has a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome and no other laboratory diagnosis.
- The local health department may request fee-exempt testing be performed if the case-patient lacks insurance coverage or the ability to pay.
Instructions for collection and shipping of clinical specimens to WSLH:
- Submit 3-7 mL of serum and/or >1mL of CSF in sterile, screw-capped vials on cold packs using a WSLH kit #22 or equivalent within five days of collection. It is recommended that a paired serum specimen be submitted with a CSF specimen. Specimens should be triple packages as a Category B Biological Substance (include UN3373 label).
- Fee-exempt testing submissions must include a WSLH Enhanced Wisconsin Arbovirus Surveillance form provided by a DPH vectorborne disease epidemiologist.
- Fee-for-service testing submissions must include a WSLH CDD Requisition Form B. Please contact the WSLH Clinical Orders at 800-862-1088 or 608-224-4275 to obtain blank copies of WSLH CDD Requisition Form B and to order specimen shipping kits.
- It is essential that the lab requisition form be as complete as possible, including patient name, city, date of birth, specimen type, submitting agency, onset date, signs and symptoms, and collection date. Note: Testing for West Nile virus may be delayed on specimens missing the above data until information is available.
- Ship specimens with appropriate completed form to:
Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene
2601 Agriculture Drive
PO Box 7904
Madison, WI 53718
Customer Service: 800-862-1013
Clinical diagnosis of West Nile virus can be difficult since many of the signs and symptoms of West Nile virus are similar to other viral infections. A patient's clinical signs and symptoms and risk activities can help to inform a preliminary diagnosis prior to laboratory confirmation.
There is currently no available treatment or vaccine for West Nile virus. Over-the-counter pain relievers may be given to relieve the symptoms. In severe cases, patients may need to be hospitalized to receive supportive treatment.
Questions about illnesses spread by mosquitoes? Contact us!
Phone: 608-267-9003 | Fax: 608-261-4976